RGB LED 5mm Module

/*

* Code for cross-fading 3 LEDs, red, green and blue (RGB) 

* To create fades, you need to do two things: 

*  1. Describe the colors you want to be displayed

*  2. List the order you want them to fade in

*

* DESCRIBING A COLOR:

* A color is just an array of three percentages, 0-100, 

*  controlling the red, green and blue LEDs

*

* Red is the red LED at full, blue and green off

*   int red = { 100, 0, 0 }

* Dim white is all three LEDs at 30%

*   int dimWhite = {30, 30, 30}

* etc.

*

* Some common colors are provided below, or make your own

* 

* LISTING THE ORDER:

* In the main part of the program, you need to list the order 

*  you want to colors to appear in, e.g.

*  crossFade(red);

*  crossFade(green);

*  crossFade(blue);

*

* Those colors will appear in that order, fading out of 

*    one color and into the next  

*

* In addition, there are 5 optional settings you can adjust:

* 1. The initial color is set to black (so the first color fades in), but 

*    you can set the initial color to be any other color

* 2. The internal loop runs for 1020 interations; the 'wait' variable

*    sets the approximate duration of a single crossfade. In theory, 

*    a 'wait' of 10 ms should make a crossFade of ~10 seconds. In 

*    practice, the other functions the code is performing slow this 

*    down to ~11 seconds on my board. YMMV.

* 3. If 'repeat' is set to 0, the program will loop indefinitely.

*    if it is set to a number, it will loop that number of times,

*    then stop on the last color in the sequence. (Set 'return' to 1, 

*    and make the last color black if you want it to fade out at the end.)

* 4. There is an optional 'hold' variable, which pasues the 

*    program for 'hold' milliseconds when a color is complete, 

*    but before the next color starts.

* 5. Set the DEBUG flag to 1 if you want debugging output to be

*    sent to the serial monitor.

*

*    The internals of the program aren't complicated, but they

*    are a little fussy -- the inner workings are explained 

*    below the main loop.

*

* April 2007, Clay Shirky <clay.shirky@nyu.edu> 

*/ 

// Output

int redPin = 9;   // Red LED,   connected to digital pin 9

int grnPin = 10;  // Green LED, connected to digital pin 10

int bluPin = 11;  // Blue LED,  connected to digital pin 11

// Color arrays

int black[3]  = { 0, 0, 0 };

int white[3]  = { 100, 100, 100 };

int red[3]    = { 100, 0, 0 };

int green[3]  = { 0, 100, 0 };

int blue[3]   = { 0, 0, 100 };

int yellow[3] = { 40, 95, 0 };

int dimWhite[3] = { 30, 30, 30 };

// etc.

// Set initial color

int redVal = black[0];

int grnVal = black[1]; 

int bluVal = black[2];

int wait = 10;      // 10ms internal crossFade delay; increase for slower fades

int hold = 0;       // Optional hold when a color is complete, before the next crossFade

int DEBUG = 1;      // DEBUG counter; if set to 1, will write values back via serial

int loopCount = 60; // How often should DEBUG report?

int repeat = 3;     // How many times should we loop before stopping? (0 for no stop)

int j = 0;          // Loop counter for repeat

// Initialize color variables

int prevR = redVal;

int prevG = grnVal;

int prevB = bluVal;

// Set up the LED outputs

void setup()

{

  pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);   // sets the pins as output

  pinMode(grnPin, OUTPUT);   

  pinMode(bluPin, OUTPUT); 

  if (DEBUG) {           // If we want to see values for debugging...

    Serial.begin(9600);  // ...set up the serial ouput 

  }

}

// Main program: list the order of crossfades

void loop()

{

  crossFade(red);

  crossFade(green);

  crossFade(blue);

  crossFade(yellow);

  if (repeat) { // Do we loop a finite number of times?

    j += 1;

    if (j >= repeat) { // Are we there yet?

      exit(j);         // If so, stop.

    }

  }

}

/* BELOW THIS LINE IS THE MATH -- YOU SHOULDN'T NEED TO CHANGE THIS FOR THE BASICS

* 

* The program works like this:

* Imagine a crossfade that moves the red LED from 0-10, 

*   the green from 0-5, and the blue from 10 to 7, in

*   ten steps.

*   We'd want to count the 10 steps and increase or 

*   decrease color values in evenly stepped increments.

*   Imagine a + indicates raising a value by 1, and a -

*   equals lowering it. Our 10 step fade would look like:

* 

*   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

* R + + + + + + + + + +

* G   +   +   +   +   +

* B     -     -     -

* 

* The red rises from 0 to 10 in ten steps, the green from 

* 0-5 in 5 steps, and the blue falls from 10 to 7 in three steps.

* 

* In the real program, the color percentages are converted to 

* 0-255 values, and there are 1020 steps (255*4).

* 

* To figure out how big a step there should be between one up- or

* down-tick of one of the LED values, we call calculateStep(), 

* which calculates the absolute gap between the start and end values, 

* and then divides that gap by 1020 to determine the size of the step  

* between adjustments in the value.

*/

int calculateStep(int prevValue, int endValue) {

  int step = endValue - prevValue; // What's the overall gap?

  if (step) {                      // If its non-zero, 

    step = 1020/step;              //   divide by 1020

  } 

  return step;

}

/* The next function is calculateVal. When the loop value, i,

*  reaches the step size appropriate for one of the

*  colors, it increases or decreases the value of that color by 1. 

*  (R, G, and B are each calculated separately.)

*/

int calculateVal(int step, int val, int i) {

  if ((step) && i % step == 0) { // If step is non-zero and its time to change a value,

    if (step > 0) {              //   increment the value if step is positive...

      val += 1;           

    } 

    else if (step < 0) {         //   ...or decrement it if step is negative

      val -= 1;

    } 

  }

  // Defensive driving: make sure val stays in the range 0-255

  if (val > 255) {

    val = 255;

  } 

  else if (val < 0) {

    val = 0;

  }

  return val;

}

/* crossFade() converts the percentage colors to a 

*  0-255 range, then loops 1020 times, checking to see if  

*  the value needs to be updated each time, then writing

*  the color values to the correct pins.

*/

void crossFade(int color[3]) {

  // Convert to 0-255

  int R = (color[0] * 255) / 100;

  int G = (color[1] * 255) / 100;

  int B = (color[2] * 255) / 100;

  int stepR = calculateStep(prevR, R);

  int stepG = calculateStep(prevG, G); 

  int stepB = calculateStep(prevB, B);

  for (int i = 0; i <= 1020; i++) {

    redVal = calculateVal(stepR, redVal, i);

    grnVal = calculateVal(stepG, grnVal, i);

    bluVal = calculateVal(stepB, bluVal, i);

    analogWrite(redPin, redVal);   // Write current values to LED pins

    analogWrite(grnPin, grnVal);      

    analogWrite(bluPin, bluVal); 

    delay(wait); // Pause for 'wait' milliseconds before resuming the loop

    if (DEBUG) { // If we want serial output, print it at the 

      if (i == 0 or i % loopCount == 0) { // beginning, and every loopCount times

        Serial.print("Loop/RGB: #");

        Serial.print(i);

        Serial.print(" | ");

        Serial.print(redVal);

        Serial.print(" / ");

        Serial.print(grnVal);

        Serial.print(" / ");  

        Serial.println(bluVal); 

      } 

      DEBUG += 1;

    }

  }

  // Update current values for next loop

  prevR = redVal; 

  prevG = grnVal; 

  prevB = bluVal;

  delay(hold); // Pause for optional 'wait' milliseconds before resuming the loop

}